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脑胶质瘤是由于大脑和脊髓胶质细胞癌变所产生的、最常见的原发性颅脑肿瘤。年发病率约为3-8人/10万人口。如同其他肿瘤（疾病）一样，胶质瘤也是由于先天的遗传高危因素和环境的致癌因素相互作用所导致的。一些已知的遗传疾病，例如神经纤维瘤病（I型）以及结核性硬化疾病等，为脑胶质瘤的遗传易感因素。
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